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The marine biology dredge is used to sample organisms living on a rocky bottom or burrowing within the smooth muddy floor of the ocean (benthic) species).The dredge is pulled by a boat and operates at any depth on a cable or line (generally with a hydraulic winch). The dredge digs into the ocean floor and bring the animals to the surface where they are caught in a net that either follows behind or is a part of the digging apparatus. Early samplers did not have a closing device,and many organisms were washed out.This led to a mistaken impression that the deep-sea bed lacked species diversity. Later samplers devised by Howard L. Sanders and the Epibenthic sled designed by Robert Hessler showed that deep-sea bottoms are sometimes rich in soft-bottom benthic species. Image:Britannica Dredge and Dredging 15.jpg|Shallow-water dredge.Challenger expedition Image:ChallengerShallowDredge.jpg|Deep-water dredge.Challenger expedition Image:HarveySeasideBook.jpg|Using the dredge| Plate from ''The Seaside Book'', William Henry Harvey. Image:EpibethicSled.gif|Epibenthic Sled Image: Albatross-ii.jpg| USS Albatross Dredges were an important research tool on this marine research vessel Image:Marine ecologists.jpg|Marine ecologists aboard a research ship and next to a dredge winch ==History== The first marine biology dredge was designed by Otto Friedrich Müller and in 1830 the results of two dredging expeditions undertaken by Henri Milne-Edwards and his friend Jean Victoire Audouin during 1826 and 1828 in the neighbourhood of Granville were published. This was remarkable for clearly distinguishing the marine fauna of that portion of the French coast into four zones. Müller's design was modified by the Dublin naturalist Robert Ball in 1838 and at the Birmingham meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science in 1839 a committee was appointed ''for researches with the dredge with a view to the investigation of the marine zoology of Great Britain, the illustration of the geographical distribution of marine animals, and the more accurate determination of the fossils of the Pliocene period. Of this committee Edward Forbes was the ruling spirit and under the genial influence of his contagious enthusiasm great progress was made during the next decade in the knowledge of the fauna of the British seas, and many wonderfully pleasant days were spent by the original committee and by many others who from year to year added to their number''. Later annual reports of the British Association contained communications from the English, the Scottish, or the Irish branches of the committee; and in 1850 Edward Forbes submitted its first general report on British marine zoology. Ball's dredge was still in use in 1910. In the 20th century the 'anchor-dredge' was developed to sample deep burrowing animals. It is not towed but digs in, and is released, in the manner of an anchor. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Marine biology dredge」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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